[Share]Argument逻辑错误攻击模版(页 1) - GRE考试 - 老G经典历史陈列馆 - 太傻超级论坛

NuttyCoder 发表于 2007-2-7 23:44

[Share]Argument逻辑错误攻击模版

[font=宋体][size=9pt]此内容出自韦晓亮老师编著《[/size][/font][size=9pt][font=Times New Roman]GRE[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=9pt]作文大讲堂——方法、素材、题目剖析》，敲出来是为了方便帮助大家杀[/size][/font][size=9pt][font=Times New Roman]G[/font][/size][font=宋体][size=9pt]之用。同时向大家推荐此书，它应该会对作文复习有不小的帮助。[/size][/font][size=9pt][/size]
[b][size=18pt][font=Times New Roman]Argument[/font][/size][/b][b][font=宋体][size=18pt]逻辑错误攻击模版[/size][/font][/b][b][size=18pt][/size][/b]mlW,s\8[9q
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击无效调查模版句（规模、数量、方式、时间等）[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]
[size=3][font=宋体]这类错误最常见也十分简单。应该做到对[/font][font=Times New Roman]survey/study/report/poll[/font][font=宋体]等字眼很敏感，一看到这些单词就一定说明它有问题，在分析[/font][font=Times New Roman]argument[/font][font=宋体]题目时要养成这样“良好”的习惯。请按照如下模版操作[/font][/size]4_#NhB!xBDp8i,T-YK
[b][font=宋体][size=12pt]攻击采访对象模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=12pt][/size][/b]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a）[/size]  [size=3]To begin with,the validity of the survey is doubtful.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b）[/size]  [size=3]Lacking information about the number of employees surveyed and the number of respondents, it is impossible to access the validity of the resuls.[/size][/font]T6K*]b$q APQ'w4J
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c）[/size]  [size=3]For example, if 200 employees were surveyed but only 2 responded, the conclusion that… would be highly suspect.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]d）[/size]  [size=3]Because the argument offers no evidence that would rule out these interpretations, the results of the survey are insufficient to support the conclusion.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]UV[8o3@d*^
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]Db fa yz
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The poll cited by the author is too vague to be informative/reliable.[/size][/font]4hz'|9_"Q3ZA8BFW
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]The claim dose not indicate who conducted the poll, who responded, or how the poll was conducted.[/size][/font]xr9iUj
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]Until these questions are answered, the results are worthless as evidence for…[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]3bNcb-`-J6rU3Q
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model3[/size][/font]MO-|1h~ p
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]We are not informed that how many people were surveyed but did not responded. If, for instance 500 subjects were studied, but no more than 50 echoed, the conclusion would be highly susceptable.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]The author fails to point out that when the survey was conducted. If the change is very recent, it is possible that insufficient data have been gleaned to draw such a conclusion, an unconvincing one.[/size][/font]/j{S!\"O
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]The author fails to point out that how the survey was conducted. If who conducted it by themselves, and the question is…, it is obvious that if… Or if these questions were leading, people might echo with expected answers, thus the results would be greatly unconvincing.[/size][/font] f:P({+v9W5K
[b][font=宋体][size=12pt]攻击样本不足模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=12pt][/size][/b]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]D6\H!z)?5P)o.k
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]The evidence that the author provides is insufficient to support the conclusion drawn form it.(One example is rarely sufficient to establish a general conclusion.) Unless it can be shown that A1 is representative of A, the conclusion… is completely unwarranted. In fact in face of such limited evidence, it is fallacious to draw any conclusion at all.[/size][/font]y/X-AQp|,WI
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]6gO;Twm
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Samples for the survey should be statistically reliable. Unfortunately, from the survey we find little sign of such procedures for sampling, thus doubting whether the respondents constitute a sufficiently large sample so as to be representative of the overall population of the nation.[/size][/font]
[b][font=宋体][size=12pt]攻击随机性模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=12pt][/size][/b]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Since the arguer makes a claim about…, in general, samples for the survey should be able to represent all.... However, from the survey quoted in this argument, we find no sign of such procedures for random samplings, and have good reasons to doubt if the sample is representative enough to reflect the general altitude of… as a whole.[/size][/font]_f(f%a @'}
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Form the survey we find little sign of such procedures for random sampling, thus doubting whether the respondents are representative of the overall population of the nation. If the subjects are only limited to a certain city or geographic region, the results of the survey will be unconvincing.[/size][/font]
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击无理假设模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]l0t9QH Zu;~;Y-rM;~9j
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]Yi2G5l%h'? a
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The author assumes that… will…,/A is necessary to B.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]However, this is not necessarily the case, /no evidence is stated in the argument to support this assumption.[/size][/font]8~ C6{ D}1pxV
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]It is possible that…../Perhaps….[/size][/font]9[lBBL#f/J'd
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The author falsely depends on gratuitous assumption that…[/size][/font],uD/Wg u$W4T
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]In fact/Actually, this is not necessarily the case..[/size][/font]}.\3gy}Fo
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]For example, it is most likely that +…[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]d)[/size]    [size=3]Therefore, this argument is unwarranted without ruling out such possibility.[/size][/font]
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击因果关系模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The author commits the “After Of This, Therefore, Because Of This” fallacy.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]The author assumes that A caused B.[/size][/font]D`0}D.emi5` t
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]The line of the reasoning is that because A before B, the former event causes the latter.[/size][/font]&i*]fqqi*D|si
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]d)[/size]    [size=3]But this is fallacious reasoning unless other possible causal explanations have been considered and ruled out.[/size][/font] ZLPQ7T+c
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]e)[/size]    [size=3]For example, perhaps A1 is the cause of these events or perhaps B is caused by A2[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]M%}Ql5\rIr:x
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The author uses the statistical relationship//positive correlation between A and B to establish causality.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]However, the fact that A coincides with B does not necessarily prove that A causes.[/size][/font]H-@ K8H8_i)O Q x \j
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]There may be other factors that could have caused B/contributed to B.[/size][/font].A ?]5P!I}0}a?%d6S
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]d)[/size]    [size=3]Such as A1, A2, and A3.[/size][/font]g,} a7XD
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model3[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The author fails to establish a causal relationship between the fact A and the claim B.[/size][/font]S-?1t-Pj'Y
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]This argument is unacceptable if there is no compelling evidence to support the connection between these two events.[/size][/font]4Aff O&e W_z
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]Perhaps, for example,…[/size][/font]9M&y1SxXv
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model4[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]The author attempts to establish a causal/positive relationship between the fact that… and the claim that… between two matters… and…. This argument, nonetheless, is based on an oversimplified analysis of the cause of… and the presumptuous correlation accordingly is unacceptable. Actually, it is equally possible that… or it is possible that…. Without ruling out such alternative explanation(s) the author can not convince me that… necessarily results in…[/size][/font]
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击错误类比模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]"O3e-lo&S
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The reason/argument rests on the assumption that A is analogous to/similar to B in all respects.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]This assumption is weak, since although there are points of comparison between A and B, there are many dissimilarities as well.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]a)[/size]    [size=3]The author also commits the fallacy of “all things are equal”.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]b)[/size]    [size=3]The fact that happened two years ago is not a sound evidence to draw a conclusion that….[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]c)[/size]    [size=3]The author assumes without justification that the background conditions have remained the same at different times or at different locations.[/size][/font]X J%b B~*O
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]d)[/size]    [size=3]However, it is not clear in this argument whether the current conditions at A are the same as they used to be two years ago.[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]e)[/size]    [size=3]Thus it is impossible to conclude that….[/size][/font]1`?i0`4i%Xgq&L
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击急于概括模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]0Q%L }+kd*b0w%Mr
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model1[/size][/font]k:P5l5d3aU-p
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]There is no thorough lost-benefit analysis in the argument. If the increase of cost overweighs that of benefits… will fall in trouble of losing rather than gaining money. Also, the author neglects the fact of competition.[/size][/font]Y(Quv0B r-\]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3] [/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model2[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]The author commit a fallacy of hasty generalization. Even if…, it does not follow that… It is highly possible other factors may have contributed to… For instance, … Besides, the arguer does not provide any solid information concerning… Unless…, which is unknown for this argument, there is guarantee that…[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Without ruling out these and other possible factors, the author cannot confidently conclude that…[/size][/font]
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击言行不一模版句[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]
[font=宋体][size=3]比如一些承诺、倾向性行为。[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model[/size][/font]4ema IYP
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]The author appreciates who’s strong commitment to something to some extent. However, we know the fact that to make a commitment is one thing, to keep it is far more difficult. There is no indication that they might fulfill their promise. As a consequence, the author could not make any prediction.[/size][/font]
[b][font=宋体][size=15pt]攻击非此即彼模版句（二选一，忽略其他同类）[/size][/font][/b][b][size=15pt][/size][/b]bkvOmPq
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]Model[/size][/font]
[font=Times New Roman][size=3]The author’s recommendation rests on the unlikely assumption that the company has only two alternatives… and … In all likelihood… can engage one of many other… instead. Thus, to some extent the author recommends… over not just… but over any other… the recommendation is unwarranted.[/size][/font](o$B.`1y)Z;M%h

[[i] 本帖最后由 NuttyCoder 于 2007-2-7 23:48 编辑 [/i]]

NuttyCoder 发表于 2007-2-7 23:45

嗯...貌似应该修正一下格式

NuttyCoder 发表于 2007-2-7 23:49

寒咯，仍然很难看，大家把附件下载了看吧。

wbavw 发表于 2007-2-7 23:59

thanks for sharing!

aris_214 发表于 2007-2-8 12:14

谢谢

好歹有个东西可以参考。不过还是要自己来修改的说

NuttyCoder 发表于 2007-2-8 22:02

嗯，一定要自己吃掉它们再吐出来。
不过我是没有时间吃了，只能含在嘴里，然后吐出来了。

haieryu 发表于 2007-2-8 23:16

xiexiele

啦啦鲜奶 发表于 2007-2-14 20:13

好东西啊，我自己也整理了，乱阿

superstar008 发表于 2007-2-14 21:01

我就是以大讲堂为基础+北美范文来准备的啊。握手。。。另外，那个GRE作文怎么也买不到。。。

lwh0704 发表于 2007-2-14 23:01

好东西，谢谢分享。

delxiaopi 发表于 2007-2-15 13:41

thank you for sharing

ResidentEvil 发表于 2007-2-15 15:03

赞一个~~THX~~::p7 ::p7 ::p7

vividwill 发表于 2007-3-17 10:38

::z1 ::z1 ::z1

Cailinghui 发表于 2007-3-18 23:44

谢谢楼主分享！

Evan123 发表于 2007-3-19 12:35

谢谢楼主分享！::z1

沧海逍遥 发表于 2007-3-19 13:32

谢谢！！！

elephanthuihui 发表于 2007-3-19 14:41

谢谢搂主分享，很有用的资料

daniel95588 发表于 2007-3-19 16:14

thx a lot!

wangyuan82 发表于 2007-4-1 20:50

谢谢啦，真是好人。

更木剑八 发表于 2007-4-3 11:18

还是顶一下

沧海逍遥 发表于 2007-4-12 13:40

thank you very much!!

yellowmoony 发表于 2007-4-14 13:02

lz人太好了,谢谢了

airface 发表于 2007-8-11 09:42

多谢楼主!::11

alexpeppermint 发表于 2007-8-11 17:04

ding!~~~~~~~~~~~

yzgalex 发表于 2007-8-21 07:43

还是顶一下

seraph1 发表于 2007-8-21 15:58

多谢楼主

Alasdair 发表于 2008-2-8 17:59

谢谢分享！

iamsuzie 发表于 2008-2-12 18:14

回复 1# NuttyCoder 的贴子

非常非常感谢！！！

瑛飒发表于 2008-2-12 23:44

回复 1# NuttyCoder 的贴子

很好！
正愁A不会写呢。。。。::91
谢谢分享！

chiabbb 发表于 2008-2-14 12:42

::p7 ::p7

pingism 发表于 2009-10-2 20:23

:loveliness:

ebioche 发表于 2010-3-9 18:18

謝謝樓主分享!

scaleyulin 发表于 2010-3-9 21:56

::31 ，感谢楼主~

mazajump 发表于 2010-3-20 03:42

谢谢楼主

好东西，非常实用。个人觉得::11 有些句型有待优化。

IllumaKou 发表于 2011-2-14 12:35

谢谢分享

Siempre1989 发表于 2011-2-15 00:49

谢谢

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