Issue 43 "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."

一个**官员要想成为一位有成效的领导者，必须有极高的伦理和道德修养。

Argue 35.The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."

水杨酸酯和用来治疗头痛的药物--阿司匹林是同一类化合物。尽管很多食品天然富含水杨酸酯，过去几十年中食品加工公司仍然在食品中加入它来作为防腐剂。这种水杨酸酯在商业上的使用被发现与我们为期20年研究的参加者所报告的头痛发病的平均数量下降是相关的。最近，食品加工公司发现水杨酸酯也可以被用作食品香料。根据这种水杨酸酯的新用途，我们可以预期Mentia居民患头痛症的数量将会持续稳步下降。

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TOPIC: ISSUE43 - "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."

whether keeping the highest ethical and moral standards is the nessessary condition to be an effective leader. i can not completely agree with the speaker ' opinion. Admittedly, maintaining a apppropriate ethical and moral standards is a very helpful characteristic for a man, not only for an effective leader. however, to be an effective leader, only highest ethical and moral standards in not enough. an great leader need more important charactertistics.

Admittedly, the speakers opinion has some merit involves building a harmonious society which need the high ethical and moral standards. it seems to me that the ethical and moral education is the required course for anyone who is living in this society. It might be adventurous to imagin such a society which is filled with the people whose ethical and moral standards are very low and either their government leaders. However , such a society are unbeliveable and , in my opinion ,are at the primary stage in the Darwin’evolutionism. While reasonable people with differing political and societal view point might understand the importance of the ethical and moral education to a child and society. in my observation, a harmonious world’ constructing need the people living in it, including the leader of the society, have a good ethical and moral education. Thus ,the speakers view has some merit to this point.

Not with standing the foregoing reasons why I agree with the speaker’opinion to some extent. However, as I have discussed in the above,good ethical and moral education is very importaint for anyone incuding the leader,but To an effective leader ,highest ethical and moral standdard is not the necessary condition.

On one hand , an effective leader shoud in first place have his/her work well done and in a best way which is the most importaint qualification as a public official leader. For example, several years ago, the former president Clinton’ sex scandal sparked a heated debate about criteria of the government leader. But, still, people do not care about these kind of things related to the president, the truly things they care is problems involves the balance of the american business, their income’ increasing and so on ,which had been excellently solved by Bill clinton in 1990s. so, although he was under the shadow of the sex scandal, Clinton’greatness is still recognized by his following people. To this point, the speaker overstate the ethical and moral standard to a government leader, which is helpful,but not necessary
conditions.

On the other hand, To the public official leader, overstating the highest ehtical and moral standard to himself will distract him/her from more pressing societal problems. I think non of the president or his competitor in their competition presentations will pay attentions to descibe how to rasise themselves or the whole country people’ ethical and moral standard after their being the president, they always pay more energy to tell the public how to solve the pressing problems in american society and how to benefit the pubilc. However, we can imagin that if a president focus his attention to the problems of the ethical and moral problems,like the sex scandal of the clinton, who can solve the subprime mortgage crisis. And this kind of things will distract the pubilc from the most pressing social and global problems,such as the Iraq crisis, our social-security crisis, and public health-care reform,to name just a few.

In sum, giving the benefit of the high ethical and moral standart to build a harmonious world and society, the leaders should not overlooks the the ethical and moral education for pubilc and themselves.however, a highest ethical and moral standard is not necessary conditions for a leader. He should pay more attentions to solve more important social problems. And, addressing more attention to the offical leader’s ethic and moral sometimes will distract the public from more pressing social problems.



TOPIC: ARGUMENT35 - The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.
"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
WORDS: 360          TIME: 00:30:00          DATE: 2008-7-24 下午 04:06:00
in this argument, the argure conclued that we can decline the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of mentia with salicylates. to support the argument, the argure points out that ,for the past several decades,they have foud out that adding salicylates to food as preservatives correlate with a steady deline in the average number of headaches. also the arguer points out that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for food. this argument contains several logical flaws,which render it un convincing.
first of all, the threshold problme with the argument invloves the effectiveness of salicylates as a medicine. the arguer provides no evidence that salicylates could be used as a medicine like aspirin to treat headaches, altough they are in the same chemical family.so, lacking such evidence, the arguer can not conclude that salicylates can be used to treat the disease. it is entirely possible that the other materias in the food can treat the headaches which is not found by us.
secondly, the arguer unfairly assumes that the steady decline of the number of the headaches has relationship to the rise of using the salicylates to food as preservatives. it is so ridiculous. the arguer ignors a host of other possible explanations for the steady decline in the number of headaches. for example, have they ruled out the other materias' function they have added into the food? have the arguer exclude the other possible explanations for the decline which has no relationship to the food the citizens eat. the decline of the headaches number may has something to do with the local medical treatment conditions which has become more and more advanced this years. without ruling out all other possible explanations for the decline. the arguer cannout convince me that it is salicylates function.
to sum up , the aruger' argument  is unpervasive as it stands because the evidence cited in the analysis dose not lend strong support to what the arguer maintains . to strengthen the argument, the arguer would have to provide more evidence about whether salicylates is really effectiveness,and what is the real reasons that caused the decline of the numner of headaches.

等待灵感
TOPIC: ISSUE43 - "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
WORDS: 548          TIME: 01:00:00          DATE: 2008-7-24 下午 12:24:38

    I fundamentally concede that to be an effect leader, high ethical and moral standards are vital. Granted, the speaker goes to extreme and indicates that a public official has to maintain the highest criteria; however, in my opinion, the higher the standards they maintained the more effective the leader will be.

    To begin with, as public officials, they play essential role in setting examples to others. What they do will influence the behaviors of citizens directly or indirectly. For example, this May, a terrible earthquake burst in Sichuan province of China. As the Prime Minister of People's Republic Of China, Wen Jia Bao took flight to Sichuan as soon as possible to conduct the rescue. Due to the heavy rain and the crashed rocks, the road to Wenchuan which is the center of such terrible earthquake, was blocked. In the heavy rain, Wen Jia Bao who is already more than 60 years old used his hands to carry stones in order to open the door to saving sufficient lives. And that moment moved countless people of China, and then increasing number of volunteers gathering from the whole country devoted their strength to this rescue. With the examplary effect of Wen Jia Bao and his high ethical and moral standards, the rescue saved many lives successfully.   

     In addition, the public official who sustains high ethical and moral criteria can obtain support and trust from mass. Imagine that there exist an embezzlement case, and two public officials are suspects. One maintains high ethical and moral standards while the other often lies and has prejudice to certain group of people. Ignoring the evidence, who will you like to believe the criminal is? Obviously, most people will choose the latter one because the former has earned trust from mass for his better performance. It is universally acknowledged that whether a policy will take effect is on the basis of cooperation between leaders and citizens. On the basis of trust, people will believe the policy declared by the respectful leader will benefit them. As a result, leaders can work effetely and efficiently.

    Although the higher the criteria the leaders sustain the more effect they will be, it is arbitrary to claim that the public official should maintain the highest criteria. First of all, what is the definition of the term "highest"? Nobody is perfect and it is reasonable that the public officials have flaws. If the flaws turn to be heavy burden due to highest standards on the leaders' shoulders, the cost, in my opinion, is not worthy. Secondly, it is the bottom line of ethical and moral standards but not the highest one we should require our public official to obey. As public officials, they are responsible of the level of people's daily life, the public security and the development of culture and economy. Therefore, a sense of responsibility is one premise to be a public official. Granted, other personal qualities are also required such as enthusiasm, resolution, courage and so forth. If one reaches the bottom line of the leader should get to, then one can be a good leader.

    In sum, although I disagreed with the statement that public officials should maintain highest criteria, I strongly agreed that to be an effect leader, high ethical and moral standards are premises.

题目：ISSUE43 - "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
字数：622          用时：1:35:04          日期：2008-7-24
The speakers believes that the highest ethical and moral standard must be maintained in the way of being an effective leader. I tend to agree with the statement with my own reservations. It is essencial for a public official to be an effective leader to always keep in his mind a high ethical and moral standard, yeat not necessarily the highest.
When it comes to business world the argument whether the leader should own a high ehital and moral standard is a complex one. Admittedly, as a company's chief executive, what must be taken into high consideration is that the mundane short-term goals, deadlines for production, sales quatos, profit margines and so forth-something appears to have no relationship with the ethical and moral argument. However, is this enough for a firm long-term development,even suvival? Is there no need to consider the health and interest of the consumers during  and after the period of using the products-the responsibility of the company? Emphatically, no. What is more provital is a vision or a dream of the leader-only ones with the high ethical and moral standard, that is a vision that might extend far beyound mere profit maximazation to the ways in which the company can make a significant and lasting effect on the consumers, the ecnomic, the society, even the progress of history. Without the leader conforming the high ethican and moral standards-that is the equal case to without that vision-a company can no doubt be lost his directions in the sea of commerce, and futher theaten its own  development even suvival.
In considering the prolitical and social-spiritual realms, whether a high ethical and moral standard the official with is more crucial to leal the public effectively. As polictical or social-spiritual officials, leaders will influece the masses even the whole socity by their every word and step, even small ones.  With these influece the leaders must maintain the high ethitic and moral standar. Otherwise, they may lead the society to a wrong way of be banished by the society. A strongly support to the stamement is the Watergate scandals-which have a detrimental effect on America society and history. Contravesly, consider the contribution of Martion Luther King-one never concered about the immedicate interest while put the freedom and equal right of black men to the first place-to the notion. It is clealy that, the factor that conforming a high ethical and moral standards is the necessary one to a politcist.
However, maintaining a highest ethical and moral standard is not pratical of an  effective leader. On one hand, we had to admit that the highest ethical and moral standard conflics with the interest of most people and the society as a whole. For example, according to the highest ethical and moral standard protecting the eviroment and the opportunity of any kind of animal live in our common world is we human responsibility, as human is an kind of animal in the nature inherently. But it is ineffective or even impossible for the leader either to thwart the progress of industry which have certain pollution in a long-term or to privide a policy prohibit people from having meats. On the other hand, faced with the problem that we have to choose one between two both conforming the high ethical and moral standards yet conflicted, we can not make a right or wrong decision or policy. As a saying that in China, "one can not both be loyal to his countre and become to a son with filial bendience."
In sum, the fact informs us that leadership no matter in which fields requires to maintain a high enthical and moral standars. Beside, we shoule clearify that what we need is an effective leader, not a severe moralist.

Must an effective leader maintain the highest ethical and moral standards? The speaker asserts so and I concede it is the case insofar as it is natural that people give their leaders higher expectations, yet I do not agree with the speaker that highest ethical and moral standards are necessities for leaders.

Admittedly, relatively high ethical and moral standards should be cherished by every public official. Because, first, leaders are usually considered and even looked up to as the role model of a whole group, and, second, lower ethical and moral standards would compromise not only leaders' public images but also the commonwealth of a whole group.

In the first place, it is universally acknowledged that leaders are expected to be better than anybody else. That is why we held to election system to pick our leader. If leaders are not expected to be more competitive in almost all aspects, they would just be put to place randomly. Yet, since the birth of democracy and election system, candidates of any public officials are subject to stricter and higher criteria. For example, in the primary of American Presidential elections, candidates are exposed to questions and exams from all over the nation, only to assure that they are morally flawless. People simply need a moral leader to assure them that the undeniable power of the country falls into the right hands. So accordingly, effective leaders of democratic countries would better maintain comparatively high ethical and moral standard, not only to win the votes, but also to fulfill the expectation of democracy itself.

In the second place, bad characteristics of a leader can also harm the majority. Some people blame Cleopatra for Egypt's being invaded. They say the infidelity of Cleopatra to Caesar practically lead to the empire's rage he slashed out the Egypt people. Of cause there are other factors for Egypt's being overtopped, yet, the opinion that Cleopatra should be blamed for her disloyalty somehow reflects the influence a morally decayed leader could be exerted to a group. No matter how intelligent and capable the leader would be, if, for example, he/she is greedy or lazy, the power in his/her hand, combined with the bad nature, would be amount to a disaster for people under his/her reign. Consider, for example, Benazir Bhuttothe, former woman prime minister of Pakistan. She was called iron butterfly internationally for her incredibly beautiful image and her extremely strong personality. However, her greed is a bottomless cave which ruthlessly gulps a great amount of national treasure. Her capability to be a leader is undeniable. Yet her greediness become great burden of the people, and finally lead to her being exiled and assassinated.

However, nowadays, people seem to put our leaders in the court of extremely high moral standards. In my opinion, the queries of the leaders’ personality have gone too far that it does not only unduly compromise their public images, but also their personal lives. First things first, it is extremely hard to define what is moral and what is not. Actually nowadays people hold duel criteria in judging morality. Some behaviors, for example, affairs, are considered normal among normal people and absolutely unacceptable among the leaders. I can see no necessity to require the leaders of any kind to be a perfect ethical man. Because, first, perfection does not exist and this highest moral standards people are exerting on the leaders force them to mask their real lives. That seemingly splendid family life, or personalities of leaders, if revealed to be fake, would again be blamed and rejected as dishonesty; we should ask what is the qualities people really need in their leaders. Aren't swift decisions, strong characters, and affable personalities enough to make a good leader? Are we going to ignore the enormous profit Bill Clinton brought to American economics because of his oval office affairs? Secondly, the duel criteria also erase the influence of ethical and moral leaders on the public. The leaders are supposed to be the role models to which every one of the society emulate. But when people started to think leaders should be judged by a different kind of standards, they cease to judge themselves as strictly as they judge their leaders; the function as guidance and a role model of a leader simply go away.

In sum, I think we should strike a balance between the leader's ethical standards and the fact that they are only human. To err is human, leaders are already trying to do God's job, and we are supposed to, when it comes to the judgment of a leader, give them a break in their moral flaws and take factors that really matters in the capability of leading into consideration.

这篇文章，咳。。语言的使用上。。让我挺难读懂的，建议以后写完了看一遍检查一下，不要那么多拼写错误，语法错误。。不过总结一下后：第一段你主要讲商界，第二段主要讲政界，结构还是比较清晰，最后得出的折中结论也很好。可是中间的论证有些牵强。例如说商业，商界就是利益至上，这是公认的，但是文中说好的企业要对历史对人类有贡献，并没有提出有力的支持。所谓的经商之道最后不也就是为了多赚点钱嘛。然后第二段政界方面，这段有点难看，基本轮廓是你举了一个环保和发展的平衡的例子，对吧，但是你没有把环保和道德高尚联系起来，要知道，古有尧舜，他们也是吃肉的。。。。还有马丁路德金，也没有细节说他是怎么恪守ethics，我也没看明白忠孝难以两全和这里道德高尚有什么关系？是不是说这困难程度差不多？所以，还是一个coherence的问题。。恩都是个人意见~~大家也一起看看吧~~
The speakers(typo) believes that the highest ethical and moral standard must be maintained in the way of being(什么意思？建议用to make) an effective leader. I tend to agree with the statement with my own reservations. It is essencial（typo） for a public official to be an effective leader to always keep in his mind a high ethical and moral standard, yeat(typo) not necessarily the highest.(这句话有点乱。。建议断句。。)
When it comes to business world the argument whether the leader should own a high ehital（typo）and moral standard is a complex one. Admittedly, as a company's chief executive, what must be taken into high （没这样搭配的吧，可以删掉）consideration is that the mundane（这个词用在这里不搭调吧，建议删掉。。） short-term goals, deadlines for production, sales quatos（typo）, profit margines and so forth-something appears to have no relationship with the ethical and moral argument（concerns）. However, is this enough for a firm long-term development,even suvival? Is there no need to consider the health and interest of the consumers during  and after the period of using the products-the responsibility of the company? Emphatically, no. What is more provital（vital） is a vision or a dream of the leader-only ones with the high ethical and moral standard, that is a vision that might extend far beyound（typo） mere profit maximazation to the ways in which the company can make a significant and lasting effect on the consumers, the ecnomic（typo）, the society, even the progress of history. Without the leader conforming the high ethican and moral standards-that is the equal case to without that vision-a company can no doubt be lost his directions in the sea of commerce, and futher theaten its own  development even suvival.（这段全乱了。。不要紧张嘛。。。）
In considering the prolitical and social-spiritual realms, whether a high ethical and moral standard the official with（没这么用的吧。。用possess或者own） is more crucial to leal the public effectively. As polictical or social-spiritual officials, leaders will influece the masses even the whole socity by their every word and step, even small ones.  With these influece the leaders must maintain the high ethitic and moral standar. Otherwise, they may lead the society to a wrong way of be banished by the society. A strongly（strong） support to the stamement is the Watergate scandals-which have a detrimental effect on America society and history. Contravesly, consider the contribution of Martion Luther King-one never concered about the immedicate interest while put the freedom and equal right of black men to the first place-to the notion. It is clealy that, the factor that conforming a high ethical and moral standards is the necessary one to a politcist.
However, maintaining a highest ethical and moral standard is not pratical of an  effective leader. On one hand, we had to admit that the highest ethical and moral standard conflics with the interest of most people and the society as a whole. For example, according to the highest ethical and moral standard protecting the eviroment and the opportunity of any kind of animal live in our common world is we human responsibility, as human is an kind of animal in the nature inherently.（这论据。。。可以说human depend on other species吧~人之异于禽兽者，几唏~） But it is ineffective or even impossible for the leader either to thwart the progress of industry which have certain pollution in a long-term or to privide a policy prohibit people from having meats. On the other hand, faced with the problem that we have to choose one between two both conforming the high ethical and moral standards yet conflicted, we can not make a right or wrong decision or policy. As a saying that in China, "one can not both be loyal to his countre and become to a son with filial bendience."
In sum, the fact informs us that leadership no matter in which fields requires to maintain a high enthical and moral standars. Beside, we shoule clearify that what we need is an effective leader, not a severe moralist.

TOPIC: ISSUE43 - "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
WORDS: 514
TIME: 00:40:00
DATE: 2008-7-24 10:02:44

Is it necessary to maintain the highest ethical and moral standards ,if one wants to be an effective leader or public official? Although I fundamentally agree that it is good quality for politic leaders to keep the highest ethical and moral standards which are the basic condition for one to be effective and successful, good moral quality can not be a guarantee for one to be a good leader. In my point of view, the leadership, the capability of communication and making others comfortable are more important.

To begin with, I agree with the statement insofar as that it is good quality for politic leaders to keep the highest ethical and moral standards. . In another word, good morale and ethical qualities are the necessary condition to be an excellent leader. For example, in politic field, Mandela is the one who can not be forgotten. He is the ex-president and the moral leader of South Africa ,who donates all his life to fight against the racial discrimination, includes 25 years in prison. Furthermore, in business area, Bill Gates is the most successful leader in history, who has a high moral standard. He just proclaimed that he would donate all his possession to the charity foundation to help the poor countries fight against AIDS and assist the children who has no money to go to school especially in Africa.

In the second place, One can not be the top of world without high standards of ethical and moral. The leader who only cares about his own interests can not get enough support from the public. For example, Watergate cover-up is the biggest scandal the 20th century, President Nixon withheld the information that he was an active role in the affairs by his power of president. But one man can not cheat all the people. After the scandal was muckraked, the American people could not stand such a behavior and pushed President Nixon out of the White House.


Finally, however, leaders are all the average people, who can also make some mistakes inevitably. In my point of view, we should not pay too much attention on the morale and ethical issues, but on the real work capabilities--the leadership, the communication skills and the most important whether the leaders can bring us interests and stability or not. Take President Clinton for example. It is no doubt that President Clinton is an excellent leaders, who took USA into prosperity. We can also remember his fantastic speech and charming smile. It is true that the sex scandal may do harm to his impression in the public, but we can not forget about his great contribution to the world.


In sum, the statement is basically correct. I concede that it is the basic condition for politic leaders to be effective and successful
to keep the highest ethical and moral standards , however, it is not the good moral quality that determine one whether is a good leader or not, but the leadership, the capability of communication and making others comfortable. So it is better for
leaders and officials to have both excellent work capability and high moral standard.



TOPIC: ARGUMENT35 - The following appeared in the summary of a study on headaches suffered by the residents of Mentia.

"Salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin, a medicine used to treat headaches. Although many foods are naturally rich in salicylates, for the past several decades food-processing companies have also been adding salicylates to foods as preservatives. This rise in the commercial use of salicylates has been found to correlate with a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants in our twenty-year study. Recently, food-processing companies have found that salicylates can also be used as flavor additives for foods. With this new use for salicylates, we can expect a continued steady decline in the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia."
WORDS: 416
TIME: 00:28:00
DATE: 2008-7-24 10:02:44

In this memo, the arguer concludes that the new use for salicylates can help the decline the number of headaches suffers by the average citizen of Mentia.To bolster the conclusion the arguer point out that salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin , a medicine used to treat headaches. In addition, the arguer relies on a study that the rise in commercial use of salicylateshas been found to correlate with a steady decline in headaches. However , after a careful examination about the argument, in my point of view, it suffers from several poor assumptions, which render it un convincing as it stands.

To begin with, the arguer unfairly assumes that the salicylates can cure headaches, based on aspirin can be used to treat headaches and salicylates are members of the same chemical family as aspirin.
However, there is no evidence about the effect of salicylates. Even though aspirin can help treat headaches, it does not mean that salicylates has the same function. We all know that the function of chemicals is different if there is a tiny differences in their structure and elements. So this assumption is unconvincing.

In the second place, the arguer relies on the correlation between the increased use of salicylates as preservation and the decline of headaches in the 20 years. But there is no evidence to prove it is the case, it is entirely possible that the life level has inclined in Mentia and the people there live more comfortable and
have the less burden with may also cause the headaches decline. Without ruling out these possibilities , the conclusion can not be substantiated.

Finally, even if salicylates can help people in Mentia treat the headaches, the arguer reasons that we can expect a continue steady headaches decline if more salicylates were used in foods. However, the arguer provides no evidence to prove that the more salicylates added in food , the better the effect will be. Excessive use of salicylates may have the opposite effect. In addition, the arguer is not able to considered the side-effect the salicylates have which are crucial for a chemical whether can be used or not.

In sum, the argument is unsubstantiated. To better evaluate the conclusion, I ould like to know more information concerning the real chemical effect of salicylates, whether the study has other factors influence the results or not, and the side-effect of salicylates. If the argument include the factors discussed above it would be more thorough and adequate.

PS：就咱俩在帖子里大白虎特白虎，其他人都没影了。。。
小女已经拜读过之前你的文章，和乐乐同学感觉一样，写的非常之好~今天感觉很幸运被大侠指点了~但是有几点说明，而且也希望大侠指出缺点后帮帮偶~
1.关于商界的例子，其中一些引用自北美范文I-99，有可能是背的时间有点长，我忘记了一些词的表达，但是番回去看，还是写的对了，比如被指点出的mundane.另外其说服力我想是有点牵强，我中心要说的意思是，商界的人不能只考虑物质利益，还要基于道德伦理考虑消费者和对社会的贡献。我觉得论证起来还算好。如愿意请查证I99北美范文。
还有你说的从商就是为了攥点钱，这样说我也有点怀疑。。。是不是你真的敢吧这样的话用在I里
2.政治方面我从反正论证分别是水门事件和马丁路德金，我觉得第一个还好。关于马丁路德金的例子我想请教用在哪方面会合适，如果我想用在政治和道义里改怎样陈诉。
3.关于你说的环保和道德，是不是我说的第三部分？基于道德环保，我感觉还是对的呀，那基于什么捏？忠孝两难全我是想表达，想highest是很难的，两个都是道德标准，舍弃那个都不是HIGHEST吧？
确实第三部分的例子我考虑的不周全，没有说服力。
语言方面，让大侠费心了。由于我资质较差，处在刚写I，写的语言要么傻要么拽起来又语法错误的阶段，让大侠评判相比费了不少时间！~
再次谢谢~如果想回帖！感激啦~

TOPIC: ISSUE43 - "To be an effective leader, a public official must maintain the highest ethical and moral standards."
WORDS: 441          TIME: 00:36:39          DATE: 2008-7-24 21:18:54

People elect the one to be the leader with the hope that he or she can do some practical things to the country. Meanwhile, to some extent, he or she should set good example to the public, no matter his or her ideas or behaviors. All the things are under the supervision of the public.

As a leader, he or she represent the image of a nation or a group. Other people from other countries or groups see the nation's or the group's spirit through the leader. If he or she always produce scandals, as the elected one through the people's trust, what should the people think of their association? Maybe some strange ethical things are popular in the modern society, maybe people accept them in their daily life. But refering to serious topic of conversation as leadership, one cannot make such jokes. Thus, as a leader, one should keep some basic ethical standards.

What' more, the moral standards is also important to the leader. The leader's moral standards stand for the organization's moral standards. Because people  always like to make their ideas and behaviors as learning examples to them. Furthermore, people always has the attitude of learning from the great people, especially the leader of the group. Especially, they prefer talking about them. A leader's moral standards can affect the people attitude toward the group, and affect their daily way of thinking and speaking.

Yet, we cannot hope that the leader can maintain the highest ethical and moral standard. Because as the proverb says " there are not perfect people in the world" . Even some admiring people in the history can sometimes make mistakes, like Vinci and any other people. Some famous people in the modern sociaty can also make mistakes. For example, some famous business man, when they are young, they make many mistakes. Even when they are getting old, they can inevitablely making errors. Every leader suffers great pressure from the public' s intendance, they must carefully leading their life, but sometimes, something may out of their control. We cannot force them to set the highest ethical and moral standards. They are also ordinary people, it is too hard for them to follow the highest standards.

So we can say that a effective leader can have the required ethical and moral standards. And they should obey to the standards as possible as they can, not  only making the good stands of the organization sodality, but also set good example to all the people that are around them. Nevertheless, we cannot not force them to living followed by the highest standards. It is beyond all the people' capacity.

大家好，我是西山看云，我今天第二次写I，语言自己都看不下去了，想抽自己。。。厚着脸皮发上来了。改我的同学不要鄙视我。。。

In this statement, the speaker raises the notion that the a public official muct be thoese who with the highest ethical and moral standards if them are longing to be a effective leader. I fundamentally agree with this assertion for the reason that proper ethical and moral standards do sever a crucial place to a successful public leader. Nevertheless, the politicians are not saints, the highest moral standards are unnecessary to the leaders. The following analysis will aptly illustrate these requisites.

First of all, the ethical standards are increasing called for by all the social members for the reason that it is the fundament of stabilization and harmony in this rapid changing society. When we were little children, we were thought the basic moral standard which helped us to establish a correct view of life and the world. And when we grown up, there is a trend that those who with a high moral and ethical standard will obtain more admiration and respect than the selfish, lazy and untruthful ones. These all illustrate the significance of moral standard in the modern society. As the elites of all the ordinary masses, the officials, should become the model of the public. Moreover, as effective and efficient leaders, the public officials should be always think about he welfare of masses rather than their own advantages. If this is the case, the ethical and moral standards are indispensable to ensure the stabilization and the harmony of the society. The Indian leader, Gandhi who donated his entire life to the nonviolent revolution, brought about the freedome and peace to india eventually. Thus, the ethical and moral standard of the official play a significant role on the development of the entire socirty but are not just limited in guaranteeing the official to be a great leader.

On the contrary, the politicians who are without political moral standards will eventually lose their leadership and are doomed to failure. In the world war second, Hitler, as the leader of Nazi, nearly conquered all the Europe and established a massive empire. He has gotten everything, the incomparable power, money and leading position except the ethical and moral standard for the reason that what he brought to Europe were death and fear instead of peace and harmony. A politician without moral standard cannot be accepted by the public. Therefore, the govern of Hitler didn’t last a long time and he eventually suicide himself when he lost the power. This telling example illustrates that the politicians without moral standard cannot be effective leaders because they are incapable of obtaining the support of the public.

On the other hand, the public officials are not the saints with the highest ethical standard and the individuals should allow them to make mistakes as well. I always consider that the main affections of the leaders are to guarantee the stabilization of the society and to bring about the welfare to all the social members, and the small mistakes are unnecessary to be taken seriously under this premise. Though the ex-president-- Bill Clinton admitted that he had a improper relationship with a white house intern, we should not ignore that his leadership still bring about the longest period of economic growth in the history and he is also a outstanding speaker who has a remarkable ability to connect with the public.

In sum, the high ethical and moral standards are indispensable character to effective leader who brings prosper to the whole society, because they are not only the model of the public but also bring the welfare to the masses. However, the ethical standards of politicians are not prefect as the saints’, and they are still the effective leader if they bring about stabilization and harmony to the society even though they make some mistakes.


In this summary, the author concludes that the number of headaches suffered by the citizen of Mertia(M) will have a continues steady decreasing. To support this recommendation the author cites the fact that the salicylates(S) which are members of the same chemical family as aspirin(A) have been added to foods as preservatives and will be widely used as flavor additives for food. The author also points out that S has been found to correlate with a decreasing the number of headaches according to a twenty-year study. The argument suffers from several logical flaws and is therefore unconvincing.

First of all, the author indicates that S are members of the same chemical family as A and A are usually used on the headaches treatment. Accordingly, the argument rest on the assumption that S are a chemical with the same medical effect as A and also can be used to treat headaches. Yet, no clear evidences are provided to substantiate that they have the same chemical effect even though there are structural similarity between them. It is entirely possible that S only can be used as preservatives, or perhaps S are a chemical with a great deal of medical effects beside headaches treatment. If this is the case, the argument remains unconvincing.

Secondly, even if the S actually have the medical effects to treat headaches as A, the author commits a fallacy of establishing a false causal relationship between the S applying and the decline of headaches rates. The author simply assumes that the decrease in the number of headaches are result from adding S to foods as preservatives, it is quite obvious that the author overlooks a myriad of other possible reasons for the decline of headaches rates. Perhaps the citizen in M change their life style in recent twenty years, and they pay more attention on releasing themselves after work. It directly reduces the work pressure of the residents in M and therefore brings the decline of headaches rates. Moreover, the decreasing of headaches rates may also caused by the transformation of diet in M in recent twenty years. Thus, without eliminating all these possibilities, the author’s assertion cannot be taken seriously.

Finally, even if the author can substantiates all the forgoing assumptions, the author still fails to consider the side-effects of S to our human beings.
It is a common sense that a majority of preservatives and additives are harmful to us even though many foods are naturally rich in them.
It is possible that the applying of S will lead to more serious health problems even though they do play advantageous role on the headaches treatment. In short, without accounting for the side-effects of S, the author cannot justify the claim that number of headaches in M will be continued decline.

In sum, though the argument seems to be plausible, in fact it is neither sound nor persuasive. To better assess the conclusion, author must provide clear evidence that the S have the same medical effects as A and can be used to treat the headaches effectively. The author must also show a strong causal relationship between the applying of S and the decline of headaches rates. And to better evaluate the argument, we would need to know the side-effects which caused by the applying of S either.

Issue 43   
    The statement asserts that the highest ethical and moral standards are required to be an effective leader. For my part, I hold the opinion that high thical and moral standards are admittedly important for a excellent leader, but they are not the prerequisite factors.
    Just as the name implies, leader is the person who leads a group effectively and brings maximum profits for them. However, what qualifications to be a successful leader? It's a question people argue about all the time. Someone believes long-term view makes a leader preminent, someone thinks it's temperament of generousity that contributes to a great leader, while a number of people support the standpoint that  a effective leader must have enough prestige, which guarantees his policies to be implemented. A large quantity of views exist to the complex problem, but it's widely accepted that a majority of leaders have their own advantages, no matter which realm they belong to. And furthermore, nearly all the effective leaders have a characteristic in common, that's the high ethical and moral standards they maintain. As a leader, he or she has the responsibility to benefit the whole group and even the society, so high ethical and moral standards are needed to bind his or her words and actions which have a profound influence on the people around. With the help of the high standards, leader is going to be riched in maturity, responsibility, caution, even resolution as well. As a result, many factors concerning ethics and morality may be took into consideration when the leader wants to make decisions or take measures. Gradually, the group led by an effective leader harvest a lot, not only in the material, but also in the spirit. On the contrary, if the leader does poor in ethics and morality, he or she may probable fail in the final.Hitler and Mussolini are good examples for this aspect.
    Since it's indisputable that maintaining the highest ethical and moral standards is rather important for an effective leader, does it mean that's indispensable? Of course the answer is negative. Not only high ethical and moral standards, bus also other qualifications lead to a successful leader. Under the premise that the leader does good enough in ehical and moral aspects, to be an effective leader, qualities such as genuine love, keen perception and deep understanding are also necessary. For instance, a company with a leader who is a modest gentlemen suffered from a heavy blow in the market competition, the reason for which is that the unsophisticated leader is cheated by his crafty adversaries. From this, it is seen that high ethical and moral standards are not prerequisite for a successful leader.
    To sum up, although it's important for a leader to maintain high ethical and moral standards, some other qualifications are also needed. What's more, to be an effective leader, high ethical and moral standards are not indispensable.

Argue 35
    The summary points out that the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia are continued steady declining because of the new use for salicylates that they can be used as flavor addititives for foods. To support this statement, the summary author cited the result of a twenty-year study about headaches that due to the rise in the commercial use of salicylates, a steady decline in the average number of headaches reported by participants had occured . However, a careful examination of this argument would reveal how groundless the conclusion is.  
    First of all, the causal relationship between adding salicylates to foods as preservatives and decline in the number of headaches studied is unconvincing. Although it's claimed in the beginning of the summary that salicylate is a medicine like aspirin used to treat headaches, not enough instruction or data is provided by the author to testify the medical function of salicylate.Besides, how many participants in the study often ate those foods added with salicylates are unknown, perhaps most of them never touched the foods and then their recovering from headache was not related to salicylate at all. What's more, the author ignores to take into account several other factors leading to the reduction of headaches's number other than salicylate.Even if the chemical medicine sacylate contributes to the treatment of headaches,it is possible that the steady decline in the average number of headaches was caused for some other reasons, such as the improvement of people's living conditions,  the development of medical level, lessening of social stress, etc. Without considering and ruling out  the factors other than salicylate which can bring about the decline in the number of headaches, it's hard to say that the addition of salicylates as preservatives to foods results in the reduction of headaches.
    Secondly, the argument is based on a hasty generalization. According to the cited study, it's concluded that if salicylates are going to be used as flavor additives for foods, the number of headaches suffered by the average citizen of Mentia will continue to decline. Even though adding salicylates to foods helped to decrease the number of headaches in the past 20 years, the conclution drawn by the author is lack of credibility and reasonableness. However, the salicylates used as flavor additives and preservatives are not necessarily the same, so whether the salicylates with the new use have the function of curing headache is unknown. Furthermore, as the ideas of the life are changing, people seldom take the foods contain chemical additives any more.As a result, the number of headaches will not be affected by salicylates added to foods.
    In the final analysis, this argument is not persuasive as it stands. Before we accept the conclusion, the arguer must present more information that salicylates as flavor additives for foods could also help to treat headaches and citizen of Mentia would often take the foods. To solidify the argument, the arguer would have to produce more evidence concerning the decline in the average number of headaches is due to the rise in the commercial use as preservatives of salicylates.

呃。第一。。我不是啥大侠。。。恩下面进入正题。。。
关于商界的例子，那个mundane我还是觉得用在这里感觉挺奇怪，这个词有点宗教色彩。
你说到的北美issue99， 我看过了好像是讲实用主义理想主义的，在这里是讲道德的，我没看出来跟道德有啥联系，所以用这样的论证还是有问题的，我觉得~
然后嘛说从商就是为了赚点钱，我就是敢说就是敢说~~呵呵，因为嘛，issue就是图个自圆其说，我可以先给商业下个定义，然后死皮赖脸把话扯圆了。
然后是第二段，水门事件和马丁路德金，例子的使用这个问题嘛，可以说见仁见智，水门事件嘛，我就可以用在舆论的作用，体制对权利的约束，领导对道德要求等好多方面上，马丁路德金呢，我就可以用在什么领导和群众的关系呀，和平与暴力的作用呀，什么什么的。看怎么说了
第三部分，基于道德环保，你感觉是对呀，我感觉也蛮正常的，但是外国人脑子轴啊，他们看见呢就转不过弯来了，为啥捏为啥捏想不通就觉得这肯定逻辑错误了。所以我说要一致性嘛，就是要给他们废话讲够讲足，他们死猪脑子一看就明白，他好你也好。
恩就说这些，呵呵，还是浅见~~另外我觉得你背范文到这境界已经很牛了，我看了很久还没看到issue99，呵呵。。

你的文章已经改好了，呵呵

因为有很多批注如果直接贴上去，怕看不到，所以我放附件里啦