Science and Technology
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( Z+ |! o- [* ?7 `! T9 gI 1,Computer in Education $ U/ p9 n! _; U% U3 T
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there is a great deal of interest in use of computers in education.the educational use of computers in called Computer Assised Instruction,or CAI.many public schools in the United States have acquired computers and CIA programs to run on them,school districts are establishing computer recource centers and special training programs to help teachers use computers.in addition,some colleges and universities are beginning to establish computer literacy requirements for graduation.in spite of all this interest in the use of computers in education,some educators and students still may be wondering if this expersive toy i sreally worth their time,and in some cases,money.the answer is a definite yes:the use of computers in education has important benefits for both students and teachers.2 }/ t& Q- l! c3 @% A! o
Computers enhance a student's learning experience in many ways.first of all,the computer has the ability to accommodate individual differences in learning speed because the user(the student) is the one who controls the pace of the lessons.in addition,because a computer is nonjudgmental.the learner does not have to be afraid of reprisal or humiliation when making errors.for example,because computers can repeat information over and over,the user can ask for many repetition of a leseon without fearing a judgmental response about his or her ability to learn.the benefical effects of learning in a stress-free atmosphere are well documented.a third advantage of CAI is that a computer can give a student immdeiate feedbacks.it can tell the student why she or he is wrong as soon as error is made,and it can even provide an approprate hint for finuring out the correct answer.% u1 @* x5 o) Z5 K* w0 l
not only do computers benefit students,they also make the teacher's job easier.one advantage lies in the preparation of instructional materials.schools and colleges can purchase educational computer programs that can be adapted to any learning situation .these syetem ,called"authoring system"are like skeletal lesson plans:the format of several exercises and tests is already planned out,all the teacher adds is the information he or she wants the students to learn(mathematical problems,vacabulary,lists,and so forth)the authoring system automatically incorporates these teaching points into its preplanned format and then is ready to be used by several students for a long time.the system can also correct the students' work and determine and record grades.in addition,the computer offers numerous advantages to teachers in managing their classrooms.a computer laboratory (a room having on computer for every two students)can free the teacher to meet individually with students while the rest of the class is occupied with computer lessons.finally,computers can help teachers keep students records and chart student progress,thereby cutting down on time-consuming paperwork."
! X) L. v. O- n0 Owith all of these advantages for both teachers and students,it is eady to see why there is so much interest in using computers in education.of course,there are whose who are skeptical and view computers as a passing fad.there are those also who simply are afraid of them.in time,however,computers will become as familiar in classroom as chalkboards are today.0 |8 d2 Z% a4 ?9 r8 ]6 Y7 u0 Y
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II,2,Computers Make the workplace less friendly
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we have seen the future,and it hurts
0 W: U/ ^4 _1 p3 b% e: h5 mthat's what millions of American office workers are discovering every year as computers come to dominate the office and the mania for ever-increasing profits consumes the work environment.if persent sentiments persist,there could be a white-collar revolt,as executives and stenographers alike find that the “office of tomorrow”is just the keypunch counterpart of the sweatshop of yesterday.
- l; y6 f: t- E/ e) N* jone reason for this is the computer's poential to “deskill”work-to reduce it to simple,repetitive actions.for exampl,instead of having each workers in an instuance company record an incoming insurance claim and then stay with it through all phases of processing,the job is broken up:one drone does nothing but complete the same long-in forms;another grinds out indentical letters to different addresses.6 K( r2 O: c& S, Q, m, g
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even valued senior employees are burning out as a consequence,of computer monitioring-which affects between 20 and 35 percents of America's office workers,according to a report by the Office of Technology Assessment[OTA]! _/ n8 R# R5 I# A* O" X
when workers use electronic gear,it is easy to meter work-time to the millisecond,tally breaks and phone calls,or rank a workers output against that of his colleagues.terminals track the number of keystokes a workers uses in completing a particular project.this is all necessary,mangers say,to improve productivity(Yet the japaness do not do it,finding the notion offensive to loyalty and group spirit)
" R8 W& J0 D- I6 e5 HBankAmerica,for example,paid $1 millions in 1985 to install a computer system for riting the 3,500 employees in the credit card division on 200 specific work criteria”i measure eveything that moves”the senior vice president in charge declared." z0 V6 j3 q& w0 S
[workers are less enthusiastic.a Boston insurance-claim ketpuncher finds incredible pressure to enter data faster and faster to meet management's standards.”i 'd leave work every day with a terrible headache and pain in my neck and shoulders”it is a familiar complaint.an OTA survey of 110 organizations between 1982 and 1986 found that approximately two-thirds were engaged in some form of computer survellance,monitoring,standized pace,or quota systems.
! U7 n+ \1 B; s% K8 y3 fThis despite the fact that as early as 1981,the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health found that clerical work involving computers and vidio display treminals produced a higher level of tension than air-traffic comtrol.Propontents of high techology dismissed the findings a transient spasm of adjustment to the new digital workplace.the volume of stress-based complains continues to rise,however.”" C% d. {& N, m  s  `9 o0 h
in an atmosphere of computer monitioring,inept work stations,inflexible pacing,and nervewracking anxiety,workman's compensation claims besed on job stress have more than doubled since 1980,and now account for approximately 15 percents of all occupational disease claims.According to estimates by the OTA,stress-related illness cost business,between $50 and $75 billion per year[b/]2 y4 y( `* E7 `* `+ d* d
Labor Departmant figures show that productivity in the services sector-where electronic equipment should have maximum impact and which employs nearly three quarters of all American workers-is scarcely above leaves in the mid-1970s,chiefly because of problems understanding and adapting to new technology.
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[ Last edited by giftedkoala on 2004-5-25 at 09:42 ]

III
4 ~& ~8 B  e, {: v) Q4 cIV.3, Solar Energy
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5 b. r1 p; ^8 \, O# A! w; MSolar power was an exotic new technology when John Schaeffer graduated from the UNIVERSITY of California,Berkeley,in 1072 and helped start a primitive commune in the woods in northern Californa.he was a thinker,and in his apare time he managed to rig up a solar-powered television set so he would not have to miss his favorite shows,soon Schaeffer was selling solar panels to hi sfellow urban refugees.today Schaeffer's beard has become a shite goatee,and his Real Goods Trading Company has blossomed into a catalog operation that is the country's largest retailer of home solar equipment.with a circulation of 400,000,the catalog offers everything for the energy-efficient home.the growth of Real Good-sales have jumped from $29,000 in 1986 to %10 million in 1993-is a small but sharp tremor along the shifting tectonic plates of America's energy landscape.
! f5 g! S) t4 m% ]2 `& {8 `) L Until now,solar energy has appealed mostly to affluent homeowners and the save-the environment folks.that is because buying and installing solar equipment can cost%15,000 for an average-size home before any currents start to flow.what is mak  solar energy so hot?for one thing,the technology is getting better and cheaper.the price of the photovoltaic cells that convert sunlight to electricity has fallen sharply from $500 a watt in the 1960s to about%4 today.
+ @% l9 G! n* k8 ]" f. JCompanties are  now rushing to break the %2 barrier,Texas Instruments and Southern California Edison have joined forces to produce flexible solar panels from inexpensive low-grade silicon.the innovative technology will allow the panels to be integrated into car and building design and,even more important,will crash the pric to %2,50 a watt.
# j; ]$ _1 {/ D0 h& sSome of the biggest boosters of solar power are utility companies,eager for a clean source of electricity that will enable them to produce more power without new bill -dollar plants.both as consumers of sol technology and as the promoters of home solar panels,utilities will drive much of the industry's growth into the next century”Utilities are beginning to realize that they are going to have to get on the solar bandwagon”says S.David Freeman,general manager of the Sacramento Municipal Utility District(SMUD)”if they do not and rates go up sharply,people are going to buy their own solar panels and pull the plug on the utilities”his company enbraced alternative energy when rate payers voted to close its troubled unclear facility in 1989.
1 [. f+ a8 a; Z0 ~5 tlast month,68 untilities from New York City to San Fransciso formed a consortium to purchase$500 millions worth of solar panels over six years.SMUD is putting solar cells on 100 residential roofs a tear as part of a five-year pilot project .Encouraged by the response ,SMUD has ordered 100,000 more solar panels,enough to generate electricity for 2,4000 homes,and is purchasing land for 100-MW solar furnace that would rival the size of standard power plants.% ^3 g! \, ~7 _6 T
What SMUD is doing parallels that developing countries have been up to for many years,these nations,which cannot afford to bulid costly nuclear or fossil-fuel plants in rural areas,now nearly two thirds of all solar panels produced in the US”in Mexico there are 28 millions people without electricity.and Mexico has the most ambitions solar electification program in the world”elsewhere,india and Zimbabwe are using World Bank financing to light up remote areas with solar power.India is installing photovoltaic systems in 38,000 villages,and Zimbabwe is bring sun power to 2,500 villages.”
9 v3 T: a. e$ Wbut for the era of solar power will have to wait for the cast of converting sunlight to fall far enough to pay for the cost of installing a syetem ,”solar is competitive now if you take the long view.”says SMUD gereral manager Freeman.”and it is going to be highly competitive by the end of the decade”if he is right,the forecast for the industry in the 21st century is bright and sunny.
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; p& l( {# z5 I6 w- Q# y- H' r[ Last edited by giftedkoala on 2004-5-27 at 13:07 ]

引用:

Originally posted by sanbisy at 2004-5-23 21:01:
7 l0 q: m1 q4 ]# Z: C好多啊，都要背诵吗？

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孙远的这本书上,建议黑体字的部分背诵...." {5 {' X% {* x2 |  j& z' @

giftedkoala$ [- I( t- y) f4 b4 X9 r
坚持了这么久真是佩服呵呵
! q0 F4 M* Z+ d- h/ g+ j  [不加分都不行了， 但能加的不多，小表心意
& f( F3 y% W& j2 }( U呵呵
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非常感谢！

实在佩服。

完了吗？姐姐。

引用:

Originally posted by 水族小丫头 at 2004-5-26 17:37:
2 }$ d3 S+ x7 ~' Y: o( f' d完了吗？姐姐。

/ p1 h$ @" g! o) n还没有,好有很长的一部分....今天在忙论文答辩的事情,家里最近几天又在装空调...所以敲的速度慢了点..还请大家见谅.....::(::(( n4 T  H. p5 t4 l: h6 m
明天早晨我会继续的....多多赶点出来.

引用:

Originally posted by giftedkoala at 2004-5-26 22:38:
, w) Y9 m' m9 I: y1 y! T# g' J0 I  F6 {* s
还没有,好有很长的一部分....今天在忙论文答辩的事情,家里最近几天又在装空调...所以敲的速度慢了点..还请大家见谅.....::(::(( m( T/ D3 b" p6 h4 E2 n
明天早晨我会继续的....多多赶点出来.

! m' g: ?1 [# [
9 ^7 F, k" }2 y! z实在好辛苦。::o::D

是啊，真的好辛苦，！~~~
+ h6 D: f. @$ X) A3 u; }等姐姐都打完了，给小弟发个word版吧呵呵
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4,micromachines.
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+ r3 H6 N9 K5 V5 k( Gin the past,one of biggest disadvantages of machines has been inability to work on a micro(or tiny)scale.for example,doctores did not have devices allowing them to go inside the human body to identify health problems or to perform delicate surgery.Repair crew did not have a way of indentifying broken pipes located deep within a high-rise apartment building.however,that is about to change.advances in computers and biophysics have started a micnminiature revolution that is allowing scientists to envision and in some cases actually build microscopic machines.these devices promise to radically change the way we live and work - w$ I+ P! G$ J0 ^' M
Micromachines already are making an impact.at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland,Ohio,research scientists have designed a 4-inch silicon chip that holds 700 tiny primitive motors.at Lucas NovaSensor in Fremont,California,scientists have perfected the world's first microscopic blood-pressure manufacturers soon will begin using tiny devices that run on static electricity to sense when to release an airbag and how to keep engines and brakes operating efficiently.Machines like these are likely to appear in airplanes an deven space vehicles by the beginning of the next century.some funturists snvision micromachines also being used to explore the deep sea in small sunmarines,or even lanch finger-sized rockets packed with micromachines instruments.1 i" Q$ R5 A5 J6 P
The applications are most promising in the medical field.Cardiovascular Imaging System in Sunnyvale,California,Manufactures a probe smaller than 1 millimeter that can provide snapshots of a patient's arteries.it is currently used in more than 200 cardiology centures around the world.Says Director of Marking Adam Dakin”everybody is trying to create minaturized devices for invasive surgety.there is no question that it will play a prominent role in the future.”
0 }2 {: L' B: C2 u/ u% J+ EAlthough simple versions of minature devices have already had and impact,advanced versions and widespeard use are several years away,in Japan,scientists are designing an “intelligent”microdevice that can travel through the human digestive tract”and aipplanes eventually might be able to twist and adapt thwir wings to be more efficient and flexible.Artifical body parts might provide total flexibility and full capabilities for people who have lost their natural limbs.5 y. C0 \: a: d) p% y( P+ `
"there is an explosion of new ideas and applications”says Kurt Peteresen,who eight years ago cofounded Lucas NovaSensor.so ,when scientists now think about future machines doing large and complex tasks,they are smaller than ever before.

引用:

Originally posted by hjfjp2002 at 2004-5-27 12:26:
1 s0 V4 s+ k& R2 Z是啊，真的好辛苦，！~~~/ N/ b" v3 i- R9 @6 b
等姐姐都打完了，给小弟发个word版吧呵呵6 r: q9 h# ^2 M* ^) Z7 G
::)

7 _% u- G, n7 q+ x$ s( p5 m等都打完了,我一定把WORD版发上来,呵呵

这个在孙远的的作文书上有吗？～::D

jj我明天开始打GMAT的工具箱呵呵2 a& f0 Y9 U* h
还有/ `* b6 J) C1 O& k8 `
丫头signature好漂亮，呵呵

谢谢斑竹啦，You really did a great job!

jj怎么不打了？
4 T! P6 c9 B! N  _" f  H. Q# ]是不是该我接班了？) W* R, X! R5 O/ G% a: M! `( K8 ]
呵呵，我马上就为大家打GMAT' B- b& `8 z7 [' m" i6 e# U
呵呵！, l8 s8 m6 O" P
::)

感谢楼主，不知现在进行了工具相的多少？

真的很对不起大家，由于最近在忙毕业的事情．．所以～～～P:((() \" S1 V1 T$ w6 Q* a. {
偶现在正在敲呢..一会会上传一点...
, W: P% k7 A: K  F) f. @对不起,多了这么多天都没有传新的..~~~P:((

Social pespondsibiility in Science and Arts
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$ L1 v9 f" ~5 ]compared with the immediate practical responsibility of the scientist,the responsibility of the artist must seem puny.the decision which faces him is not,i think ,one of practical action:of cuz he will try to throw his weight into the scale,an dthat weight,if he is a writer or even a painter of genius,may have its effect.for the novelist-in our society the only artist who has a mass aduience and at the same time effective economic control of the means of addressing it-the hope of some descive influence is a reasonable one.for him,since he taked of all artists what is probably the lagest portion of his culture as material,there is no more escape from the necessity for treating the content of his work seriously then there is for the social psychologist he is coming so closely to resemble.the dichotomy which people have tried to establish between artistic proficiency and artictic content is becoming unbearable to almost all sensitive minds.i doubt if it has ever been real—we might have admired Shelley as much if he had been indifferent to such things as war and tyranny ,though i doubt it,centainly had he been indifferent we should never have been led by him.
0 K! ~7 K2 b! p7 W( r( ?1 wThere is no Hippocratic oath in literature,and i am not attempting to draw one up,as far ad i am concerned,the artist is a human being writ large and his ethics are the ethics of any human being.perhaps i can best illustrate what seems to me the new consciousness of those duties of assertion and refusal from one writer,and i do not think it is without significance that this writer projects the whole situation of choice into a scientific parable,the parable of a pesilence,a pestilence many human beings are called to fight against,called not by any supernatural obligation but by the simple fact that the fight against a plague is something like a biological human obligation.Albert Camus seems to me to be the first modern write,though i am certain he will not be the last,to put the problem of respinsibility in specific terms:”i only know”he wrote,”that in this world there ar epetilences and there are victims,and it is up to us not to ally ourselves with pestilences”for the mind and of body,in psychological and bacteriological warefare that statement has a meaning clearer,i think,and more imperative then its suthor untended.but for the scientist as general enemy of pestilences and the artist as general representive of humanity,the basic pestilence which ,by its epidemic spread in our time challenges his alleniance,is the same—it is the pestilence which,through the spread of irrational fears and irrational hatreds,through the appeptance of coercion,through the neglect of what one can only call social and personal sanitation in our attitudes to society,leads us to forget who we are and who our fellow men are:the pestilence which exterminates”gooks”or dissidents,which apologizes for torture and massacre in any shape or form,whether it be called for the moment revolution or collective security,the pestilence of atm bombs and cencentration camps.in the last resort,there is only one ethically satisfactory reply to that pestilence;an unqualified and unargued”No”this “No”does not spring,i think,from any idealistic or metaphysical imperative,but simply from the fact that by saying anything else we should cease to be human beings
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[ Last edited by giftedkoala on 2004-6-4 at 21:21 ]

Thanks a lot!!!