感谢楼主分享！！！！！！！！

顶一个，谢谢

agree

我现在工作,没那么多时间哦! P  s: X/ P% T) C2 Q
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在办公室里偷偷的看书也不是办法,谁有好主意告诉我一下.

谢谢，我也觉得选择的机会越多，越迷糊。还是走自己的路好

that is right

有你的话,后来人就不至于误入迷途了!

Air conditioning and refrigeration changed life immensely in the 20th century. Dozens of engineering innovations made it possible to transport and store fresh foods, and to adapt the environment to human needs. Once luxuries, air conditioning and refrigeration are now common necessities which greatly enhance our quality of life.
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8 g# z+ q' S1 q1 D+ mLife changed immensely in the 20th century as air conditioning and refrigeration systems became more efficient, controllable, and even mobile. No longer dependent on the weather for work or play, humans truly made the environment adapt to their needs. Climate control became so reliable and affordable it grew from an invisible luxury to a common necessity. By the end of the century, nearly 70 percent of U.S. households had air conditioning. Now people can live and work in glassed-in or windowless buildings, in porchless houses, or in the warmest and most humid places. In the United States alone, air conditioning reversed a century-long pattern of migration out of the southern cities.
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. m4 M2 g) v  z6 ^3 {; sRefrigeration makes transporting fresh food and other perishables possible, and makes home storage for days or weeks practical. By the end of the 20th century, 99.5 percent of U.S. households had a least one refrigerator. Many had separate freezers. People were able to simplify shopping and save money while enjoying a greater diversity and higher quality of food because of this excellent preservation technology.
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In an air conditioner, air is cooled and conditioned by units that are similar to domestic refrigerators. Cold liquid refrigerant at low pressure flows through coils on one side. A centrifugal fan draws warm air from the room over the coils. The cooled and conditioned air is returned to the room. The warmed refrigerant evaporates, and then passes into a compressor where it is pressurized. The hot, pressurized gas enters a second set of coils on the exterior side. A second fan draws cool external air over the hot coils to dissipate their heat. In the process, the refrigerant is cooled to below its boiling point and condenses into a liquid. The refrigerant then passes through an expansion valve, where its pressure is suddenly reduced. As this happens its temperature drops, and the cooling cycle begins again.
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This may sound simple, but it took the pioneering genius of Willis Carrier to work out the basic principles of cooling and humidity control, and it took innovations by thousands of other engineers before the air conditioner became a real benefit to the average person. Carrier's invention made many technologies possible, especially in fields that require highly controllable environments, such as medical or scientific research, product testing, computer manufacturing, and space travel.9 ~/ ?$ \. F; U( d: M7 r' g+ }6 X
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Carrier claimed that while he was standing in a Pittsburgh train station one night in 1902, he realized that air could be dried by saturating it with chilled water to induce condensation. He built the first air conditioner that year, which had the cooling power of 108,000 pounds of ice a day. It was for a Brooklyn printer who couldn't print a decent color image because changes in heat and humidity kept altering the paper's dimensions and misaligning the colored inks.5 a4 ^6 B' @) ^! z& A2 e3 o3 }
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A refrigerator operates in much the same way as an air conditioner. It moves heat energy from one place to another. Constant cooling is achieved by the circulation of a refrigerant in a closed system, in which it evaporates to a gas and then condenses back again to a liquid in a continuous cycle. If no leakage occurs, the refrigerant lasts indefinitely throughout the entire life of the system.
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The use of natural or manufactured ice for refrigeration was widespread until shortly before World War I, when mechanical refrigerators became available. In 1927, General Electric introduced a refrigerator with a "monitor top" containing a hermetically sealed compressor. The 14-cubic-foot refrigerator sold for $525, affordable to just a few, and made GE the industry leader by 1930.' x7 z. s' R" E) N; @: c: @
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Single-phase electric motors were perfected and reliable by 1920. Frigidaire manufactured the first individual room cooler in 1929, using technology from the household refrigerator. The invention of halocarbon refrigerants by Thomas Midgley in 1928 provided a safe alternative to the toxic and flammable refrigerating fluids previously used. The Frigidaire division of General Motors adopted Freon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) refrigerant gas, invented by Midgley and Charles Kettering. Most other refrigerator makers followed suit, replacing ammonia and other more dangerous gases. In the late 1980s, chlorofluorocarbons had demonstrated signs of destroying the Earth's ozone layer, and the production of these chemicals began to be phased out, while the search for a replacement began.# z$ _0 n: q* _. W% Z7 z1 R3 d
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The first air-conditioned automobile, a Packard, was engineered in 1938. The first successful window air conditioner was marketed in 1938 by Philco-York. Mass production of window air conditioners after World War II lowered costs to the point where they were accessible to mass consumers, as were refrigerators. From 1920 to 1930, the cost of a household refrigerator dropped from $600 to $300, and to nearly $150 by 1939.
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Refrigeration technology led to the creation of the frozen food industry. In 1914, Clarence Birdseye was fishing in Canada when he noticed that fish caught through the ice froze stiff the instant they were exposed to the air, and they tasted almost fresh when defrosted and cooked weeks later. For several years, he pursued the commercial exploitation of his food-freezing discoveries, learning to freeze cabbages in barrels of seawater. By 1925, Birdseye and Charles Seabrook developed a deep-freezing process for cooked foods. In 1930, Birds Eye Frosted Foods were sold for the first time in Springfield, Mass.
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Timeline * Q+ _* }; ~& U
1902 Willis Haviland Carrier designs a humidity control process and pioneers modern air conditioning.  
3 ~) |( t# V. w" J. s9 b" C1907 First overseas sale of a Carrier system was made to a silk mill in Yokohama, Japan.  
3 E" d3 o+ ^4 Z2 z1911 Carrier presents his paper "Rational Psychometric Formulae" to the American Society of Mechanical Engineers and thereby forms the basis of modern air-conditioning.  
# s* }; V* i  d' O1914 Clarence Birdseye pioneers the freezing of fish for later defrosting and cooking.  
6 z1 L+ H6 m7 w- I1915 Carrier Corp. is founded under the name Carrier Engineering.  
; K9 G- J3 B3 m% n% p6 s1920s Carrier introduces small air-conditioning units for small businesses and residences.  
: p$ Q) E' w5 u4 c# c1922 Carrier develops the centrifugal refrigeration machine.    e8 C: ~/ J: f" C8 }; u" f
1925 Clarence Birdseye and Charles Seabrook develop a deep-freezing process for cooked foods that Birdseye patents in 1926.  
# [& h: n  S* d/ v3 u6 T  v. y9 T' h1927 General Electric introduces a refrigerator with a "monitor top" containing a hermetically sealed compressor.  
7 O+ m; h4 S- `' F1929 U.S. electric refrigerator sales top 800,000, and the average price of a refrigerator falls to $292.  $ w$ {/ @( Z+ }' Z& r9 P# ?
1930s Air conditioners are placed in railroad cars transporting food and other perishable goods.  
# f8 G, P/ e& \- ~" O1 m/ u/ ]1931 GM's Frigidaire division adopts Freon 12 (dichlorodifluoromethane) refrigerant gas, invented by Thomas Midgley of Ethyl Corp. and Charles Kettering of GM.  
% i7 A6 D5 v4 g3 A  g9 C: O$ \1931 Birds Eye Frosted Foods go on sale across the U.S. as General Foods expands distribution.  . \* U0 B* ]) e5 P* ~9 t$ g
1937 Air conditioning is first used for mining in the Magma Copper Mine in Superior, Arizona.  
: D$ o9 s4 J3 A$ M( t  A/ s0 L7 }( F1938 Window air conditioner marketed by Philco-York.  ' p8 D% o- @9 p* [
1939 The first air-conditioned automobile is engineered by Packard.

有道理
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说的朴实、真实！谢了

我会加油的

hao!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

说得有道理类

考G的人都是英雄,没什么说的!

相当正确，完全赞同！

完全赞同啊
/ ?! g9 B; S( O走自己的路，让别人打的去吧！！~~~~

很有道理啊不过吓了一跳哦

TOPIC: ISSUE 160 - "The most essential quality of an effective leader is the ability to remain consistently committed to particular principles and objectives. Any leader who is quickly and easily influenced by shifts in popular opinion will accomplish little.") N2 ?) n" U8 ~+ Z- H. X
WORDS: 509          TIME: 0:44:58          DATE: 2006-3-14
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The speaker asserts that an effective leader should remain consistently committed to particular principle and objective and not be easily influenced by the public.不要偷换概念！题目中的most被你暗暗去掉了！注意对题目的同义替换，不要只改变句子顺序，可改为：The speaker asserts that leading people should hold certain rules and goals steadfastly to be most effective; otherwise, they would achieve little However, in my view the speaker unfairly hastily generalizes the statement. In some area s, especially the science, the leaders should keep their principles. But While in some other删掉other areas, such as the entertainment +circle, the leaders should carter cater to the demand of the public. While in some areas,Moreover, in some other areas the politics for example, leaders should or should not remain consistently committed to particular principle s and objective s is decided by the the 改为vorious situations. 注意同义替换啊，不要简单重复题目，principle=rule, objective=goal=aim=purpose
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6 i' Y% I* a0 m" U6 V# n8 J1 UIn the realm of science, the leader sometimes would find what they insist on conflicts with the common sense, but if the leaders are easily influenced by the public and give up their principle, we could hardly make as many great progresses progress as we did. 第一句就开始分析，不是issue的风格，应该先总起：In the realm of science, the leaders can achieve more by insisting on their own principles. Some may argue that sometimes those rules they hold may conflict with the common sense; however, most new scientific concepts and ideas which are controversy at first are accepted by later prove Bruno and Copernicus were suspected when they claimed that the earth go around with the sun. And Einstein was suspected when he insisted on the theory of relative. If not insist on these principles, less great significant更好 progresses 去掉es，单数 would be made. This brand of leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle s. In a word, in some areas, leaders should insist on their own principles 老是principle,会不会比较单调，注意同义替换 to make themselves effective.
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When 掉了it注意啊，这种重点过渡句千万不要出现语法错误~ comes to the field of entertainment, it is not the same.:句号改为冒号起解释说明的作用，把首句和第二句连在一起，毕竟你的第二句才是真正的中心句 Entertainment is supposed把is supposed改为serves to give the public more pleasure and fun. There would not be strong reasons why why改为that，reason后的从句不能跟why，典型错误~~ the leaders of the entertainment reject to give the public what they want. And in reality, entertainment leaders indeed do what the public want and make a profit for that. They make the movies they the public like, and they introduced songs that the public like 两个整句怎么能并列。而且这一句也太简单了啊，不如改成这样——Consider, for example, that most if not all directors produced movies the public are fond of, or consider that many musicians write popular songs for the general populace. No matter what the public want, they will produce or promote 什么意思？首先指代不明. In short ， the leaders of the entertainment should be influenced by the public influence是一个带有感情倾向的词语，改为the leaders in entertainment areas should and do shift their rules and goals according to the public taste, especially if they want to make harvest有丰收的含义，夸张一点点，嘿嘿 a profit., O. W) a$ Y  H: C( r$ z) }

4 C) q1 V0 K+ ]However, situations vary from case to case when it comes to politics. Sometimes the government must withhold some information to the public for sometimes it would threaten public safety and perhaps even national security if disclosing to the public certain types of information.这句话虽然长，但是重复废话了不少，改为：On the one hand, the government should withhold certain information, otherwise, it may endanger public safety or perhaps even national security——等等，感觉你这句，噢不，这段，都写偏题了。不管是逮捕恐怖分子，还是防止SARS传播，和committed to particular principles and objectives有什么关系？你是不是直接用的另外一个题目的观点，安？即使是这样，公开信息造成危害与这个leader的个人成就也没有关系啊——至少你没有明说出来——看题目的后半句 For example, if the government makes a plan改为plans，能简单就简单一些 to arrest some terrorists, the leader must keep the information even the public is so curious. But sometimes the public have the right to know. Such as when SARS was spread out in China, public have the right to know how serious it is and what to do to guard against the SARS. It is not the right time for the leaders to remain consistently committed to particular principle. In a word, different situations makes s different answers to whether the leaders in politics or some other areas should insist their own principles.这个句型感觉比较中式啊~自己想的？
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In sum, from what has been discussed above, we may finally draw the conclusion that it varies a lot in different areas that whether leader should remain consistently committed to particular principle and objective and not be easily influenced by the public. In some areas such as science, leaders should, while in some areas such as the entertainment, leaders should not, however in some other areas such as politics situations vary from case to case.
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•结构还是清楚的，思路还是明朗的。
$ l4 w8 W6 U0 Z# b* _$ R7 c•最后一段写偏题了！得重新写。想想看，其实例子还是可以用那两个，不过得紧扣popular opinions, 增加一些信息, 比如，你在说那句话之前，先说，a vast majority of people require that they have the right to know all the information concerning governmental opinions and decisions. 先提出SARS的例子，说，it is true that 举SARS的例子，再一转Howerver，恐怖分子的时候就不能顺从民意公开信息啦！ 自己把它改好，你那么聪明的！   3 A+ F! i8 [- w' Y. H! s
•注意同义替换和基本语法~我刚刚查了下百度，娱乐界可以这样说entertainment circle,你自己改改。像政治领导人，说political figure, 著名人物等你可以用leading people, celebrity, prominent figures等等。5 _8 Z6 \' J9 y
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/ C7 [1 j' p: J5 E5 ~A. In the business realm, effective leadership is generally defined as that which achieves the goal of profit maximization in the long term by taking reasonable steps to minimize the social and environmental harm their businesses caused. Thus the two definitions merge, and the statement at issue is ultimately correct. " j8 ]  W# C9 i/ m) X) P8 ^; n, F
B.In the political realm the issue is no less complex, (strong but keep pace with the social development) 5 m- D% G& p' D! K9 R) J+ v! u- z
Example: two British prime ministers ; h0 ~- {! x3 O6 C0 A) e* D% w# C
Neville Chamberlain and Churchill . ?% o1 k% R- d! r2 K
In 1938, British Prime Minister Chamberlain signed the Munich Pact with Adolf Hitler, an agreement that gave Czechoslovakia away to Nazi conquest while bringing, as Chamberlain promised, "peace in our time." 6 D4 Y5 R, m  L: d  j8 ~0 |
C. Consider social-spiritual leadership. Few would disagree that through their ability to inspire others and lift the human spirit Mahatma Gandhi and Martin Luther King were eminently effective in leading others to effect social change through civil disobedience. This brand of leadership, in order to be effective, inherently requires that the leader remain steadfastly committed to principle.) ?% m. z. L+ m5 V% j2 R
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Furthermore, the situation is same for the entrepreneurs. As our society paced forward rapidly, the fashion is also changed quickly. A new product today could be an outmoded one in several months. This put a requirement to our enterprise leaders that they must change their mind correspondingly. Today’s factory is so complicated and related to so many specialized fields. We cannot ask for a leader who knows everything, but we can surely ask for someone who wants to learn every thing. They must put their effort into listening to the research and development department, to the workers from assembling lines, to the marketing researchers. They must synthesize the ideas from all these departments and combined into a new one. It is hard to imagine a successful enterprise with a rigid leader who only thinks by himself and was not influenced by any of his team members.

好 我们一定在领导下不负众望

Thanks a lot,i love this site.