学校放假了，还要苦学英语……
放假之前professor给我们讲了讲英文的写作，
我个人认为适合所有英文考试的写作。以下的是我对他讲的知识的消化理解，加上我自己的一点见解。
Firstly，老套一下，英文写作的结构：
1、Introduction
The first paragraph of your essay.
写什么呢？？要写你文章的主题，以及适当的相关背景。其实，这个introduction的作用有两个：
第一就是把你文章的TOPIC定下来，好让你以下的段落内容在这个TOPIC规定的范围以内。
第二呢，就是要你capture读者的interest,让读者有兴趣往下读，。
2、Body（supporting paragraphs）
你这个body是用来develop你的thesis statement.
每一段写一个idea，然后再用事实，实例来丰富它。
其实每一个好的supporting paragraph的结构也是需要非常清晰的。每一段大概需要4-6个句子，其中也需要an introduction sentence,supporting sentences,and a conclusion.（老外们都喜欢清晰的思维和文章，这样写条理清晰）
值得注意的是，段与段之间的transition非常重要，就好像咱们初中语文讲的过渡句，中文都如此，何况英文呢？
下面的表格是我们professor给出的简单的transition words,如果要写出漂亮的文章，仅仅用这些是不够的，这就需要平时的积累。
For listing different points
First
Second
Third
| For counter examples
However
Even though
On the other hand
Nevertheless
|
For additional ideas
Another
In addition to
Related to
Furthermore
Also
| To show cause and effect
Therefore
Thus
As a result of
Consequently
|
3、Conclusion（summary）
conclusion的作用有三个：
一是重申一下你的观点（用different words)，二是分别强调你的ideas，三是要给读者一种感觉，就是你的文章写完了。
个人觉得第三点是很重要的，也就是说，要给读者一种你写完了的感觉。对我来说，这个比较难，怎么写也不能给老外一种"over"的感觉，可能是文化差异在捣鬼吧，不过强调一下，这点很重要！！
Secondly，英文文章小归类
英文文章大致分八类：
Definition Essay
When you are writing a definition essay, you take a term or an idea and write about what it is. Often, definitions are combined with classification or other forms of organization in the essay. You need to give a careful definition of the key term before going on to discuss different types or examples.
Example question:
| Write an essay defining energy resources and discuss the different types.
|
Introduction:
| Define the key term energy resources.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Define one type of energy resources: renewable resources.
|
2. Define another type of energy resources: non-renewable resources.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize energy resources.
|
Classification Essay
In a classification essay, you separate things or ideas into specific categories and discuss each of them. You organize the essay by defining each classification and by giving examples of each type.
Example question:
| Write an essay discussing the three types of government in Canada.
|
Introduction:
| Give background information about government in Canada.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Define and describe federal government.
|
2. Define and describe provincial governments.
|
3. Define and describe municipal governments.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize government in Canada.
|
Description Essay
In a description essay, you write about what a person, place, or thing is like. You organize the essay by describing different parts or aspects of the main subject.
Example question:
| Write an essay describing the polar bear.
|
Introduction:
| Introduce what a polar bear is.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Describe where the polar bear lives.
|
2. Describe the body of the polar bear.
|
3. Describe what the polar eats.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize what a polar bear is.
|
Compare and Contrast Essay
In a compare and contrast essay, you write about the similarities and differences between two or more people, places, or things. You can organize the essay by writing about one subject first and then comparing it with the second subject. A more effective way is to organize the essay by comparing each subject by category.
Example:
| Write an essay comparing the weather in Vancouver and Halifax.
|
Introduction:
| Introduce weather in the cities of Vancouver and Halifax.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Compare weather in spring and summer for both
|
cities. State how they are similar or different.
|
2. Compare weather in fall and winter for both
|
cities. State how they are similar or different.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize the similarities and differences.
|
Sequence Essay
In a sequence essay, you are writing to describe a series of events or a process in some sort of order. Usually, this order is based on time. You organize the essay by writing about each step of the process in the order it occurred.
Example question:
| Write an essay outlining the stages of the mosquito life cycle.
|
Introduction:
| Describe what a mosquito is like.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Describe young mosquito.
|
2. Describe adult mosquito.
|
3. Describe what a mosquito does before it dies.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize the main steps of the mosquito life cycle.
|
Choice Essay
In a choice essay, you need to choose which object, idea, or action that you prefer. You organize the essay by describing each option and then giving your opinion.
Example question:
| Write an essay choosing between hockey in the 1890s and hockey today.
|
Introduction:
| Introduce the game of hockey.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Describe hockey in the 1890s.
|
2. Describe hockey today.
|
3. State which form of hockey you prefer and why.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize the game of hockey.
|
Explanation Essay
In an explanation essay, you explain how or why something happens or has happened. You need to explain different causes and effects. You should organize the essay by explaining each individual cause or effect.
Example question:
| Write an essay explaining why so many Europeans moved
|
to Canada during the early nineteenth century.
|
Introduction:
| Give background information on European immigration during this time.
|
Supporting paragraphs:
| 1. Explain first reason: poor economy in Europe.
|
2. Explain second reason: better living conditions in Canada.
|
Summary paragraph:
| Summarize main reasons.
|
Evaluation Essay
In an evaluation essay, you make judgments about people, ideas, and possible actions. You make your evaluation based on certain criteria that you develop. Organize the essay by discussing the criteria you used to make your judgment.
Example question: | Write an essay evaluating the importance of the House of Commons. |
Introduction: | Give your judgment on whether the House of Commons is important. |
Supporting paragraphs: | 1. Explain first criteria: meeting place for government
2. Explain second criteria: represent Canadians
3. Explain third criteria: make laws for Canada |
Summary paragraph: | Conclude with an overall judgment about the House of Commons |
所有的英文文章基本都可以被囊括在这几类里面。希望这些会对大家写文章有所帮助。
PS:在英文写作中，是没有书名号《》的。一般用“”，电子打印版的一般用斜体。
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本帖最后由 huanhuanzhizuo 于 2007-12-30 14:08 编辑 ]
