»Fellowship
    Fellowship是一种对在进行研究工作的人员给予的较高额奖学金，是给研究生的经济资助中竞争最为激烈的奖学金。如果获得了Fellowship，即除了免学杂费、住宿费、保险费、书本费以外，还给获奖学生一定金额作为其个人消费费用。同时不必服务，也不用纳税，这种奖学金是完全意义上的“全奖”。

»Graduate Assistantship
    Teaching Assistantship (TA) A form of financial aid awarded to graduate students to help support their education. Teaching assistantships usually provide the graduate student with a waiver of all or part of tuition, plus a small stipend for living expenses. As the name implies, a TA is required to perform teaching-related duties.
    Research Assistantship (RA) A form of financial aid awarded to graduate students to help support their education. Research assistantships usually provide the graduate student with a waiver of all or part of tuition, plus a small stipend for living expenses. As the name implies, an RA is required to perform research duties. Sometimes these duties are strongly tied to the student's eventual thesis topic.
    在这里有一点要说明：TA（助教）/RA（助研）所得是要纳税的。这种属于服务性奖学金，获得此类资助者每周担任12-20小时的辅助教学或研究工作。这种经济资助只提供给硕士或者博士申请者。绝大多数的美国高校研究生院都设置这种资助，然而并非所有的此类资助都能覆盖一年中的全部费用，但多数都在全部金额的2/3以上。不过很多学校提供这种奖学金的同时，还会给学生免学杂费，也就相当于申请到“全奖”。

»Scholarship
    A form of financial aid given to undergraduate students to help pay for their education. Most scholarships are restricted to paying all or part of tuition expenses, though some scholarships also cover room and board. Scholarships are a form of gift aid and do not have to be repaid. Many scholarships are restricted to students in specific courses of study or with academic, athletic or artistic talent.
    可以是规定一定的金额数量颁发给学生，也可以是一种学杂费的减免。获得Scholarship的几率要比Fellowship大，但金额要少一些，是一种荣誉性的奖励。

»Tuition Waiver(TW)
    美国大学的学费分为本州内学费，州外学费和国际学生学费。一般对优秀的国际学生，学校可以按照本州内学费收取，即减免成州内学费。实际上Tuition Waiver并不属于奖学金的范畴，而是属于经济资助，这是中国学生，尤其是非理工类申请人拿的最多的一类资助类型。它也是非服务性资助中发放最多的，最容易申请的一种。这里顺便说一句：如果你可以获得学费全部减免就是大学通常所说的“半奖”，如果再拿到RA/TA就属于“全奖”了。